An Ecological characterization of the Tampa Bay watershed

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Cover
- Cover1
Title Page and Preliminaries
- i
- ii
- iii
Contents
- iv
- v
- vi
Figures
- vii
Tables
- x
- xi
Conversion Factors
- xii
Acknowledgments
- xiii
Authors
- xiv
Chapter 1. Introduction
- 1
Chapter 2. Geology and Physiography
- 3
2.1 Structure and Geologic Setting
- 3 (2)
- 4
- 5
2.2 Tertiary Stratigraphy
- 6
2.3 Pleistocene Marine Terraces
- 6 (2)
2.4 Physiography
- 8
2.4.1 Central Lake District
- 8 (2)
2.4.2 Ocala Uplift District
- 8 (3)
2.4.3 Southwestern Flatwoods
- 11
- 12
2.5 Recent Sediments and Soils
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
Chapter 3. Climate
- 25
3.1 Introduction
- 25 (2)
3.2 Rainfall
- 26
- 27
- 28
- 29
- 30
- 31
- 32
- 33
- 34
3.3 Winds
- 34 (2)
- 35
- 36
- 37
- 38
3.4 Temperature
- 38 (2)
- 39
3.5 Relative Humidity
- 39 (2)
- 40
3.6 Solar Radiation
- 40 (2)
- 41
3.7 Evapotranspiration
- 41 (2)
- 42
- 43
- 44
- 45
3.8 Hurricanes
- 45 (2)
- 46
- 47
- 48
3.9 Air Pollution
- 48 (2)
- 49
- 50
- 51
- 52
- 53
- 54
- 55
Chapter 4. Hydrology and Water Quality
- 56
4.1 Introduction
- 56 (2)
- 57
4.2 Ground Water
- 57 (2)
- 58
- 59
- 60
- 61
- 62
- 63
- 64
- 65
- 66
- 67
- 68
- 69
- 70
4.3 Surface Water
- 70 (2)
- 71
- 72
- 73
4.3.1 Anclote River Basin
- 73 (2)
- 74
4.3.2 Western Pinellas Peninsula
- 74 (2)
- 75
- 76
- 77
- 78
4.3.3 Old Tampa Bay and Southeastern Pinellas County Peninsula
- 78 (2)
- 79
- 80
- 81
- 82
- 83
- 84
- 85
4.3.4 Hillsborough River Basin
- 85 (2)
- 86
- 87
- 88
- 89
- 90
- 91
- 92
- 93
- 94
- 95
- 96
- 97
- 98
- 99
- 100
- 101
- 102
- 103
4.3.5 Alafia River Watershed
- 103 (2)
- 104
- 105
- 106
- 107
- 108
- 109
4.3.6 Manatee and Little Manatee River Basins
- 109 (2)
- 110
- 111
- 112
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
4.3.7 Manasota Coastal Area
- 117 (2)
- 118
- 119
- 120
- 121
- 122
- 123
- 124
- 125
4.3.8 Tampa Bay
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 129
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
Chapter 5. Vegetation Communities (Habitats)
- 134
5.1 Introduction
- 134 (2)
5.2 Terrestrial Habitats
- 134 (3)
- 135
5.2.1 Pine-Oak Woodlands
- 136
- 137
5.2.2 Pine Flatwoods (Typical Flatwoods)
- 137 (2)
- 138
5.2.3 Prairies
- 138 (2)
- 139
5.2.4 Hammocks
- 139 (2)
- 140
5.3 Freshwater Wetland Habitats
- 140 (2)
5.3.1 Swamp Forests
- 140 (3)
- 141
- 142
- 143
5.3.2 Wet Prairies and Marshes
- 143 (2)
- 144
- 145
- 146
- 147
5.3.3 Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers
- 147 (2)
- 148
- 149
- 150
- 151
- 152
- 153
- 154
5.4 Estuarine, Saltwater Wetland, and Coastal Habitats
- 154 (2)
5.4.1 Salt Prairies and Marshes
- 154 (3)
- 155
5.4.2 Mangrove Forests
- 155 (2)
- 156
- 157
- 158
- 159
- 160
- 161
- 162
5.4.3 Oscillating-Salinity Open Waters
- 162 (2)
- 163
- 164
- 165
- 166
- 167
- 168
- 169
- 170
- 171
- 172
- 173
- 174
- 175
- 176
- 177
- 178
- 179
- 180
- 181
- 182
- 183
- 184
5.5 Disturbed Communities
- 184 (2)
- 185
- 186
5.5.1 Exotic Plant Communities
- 186 (2)
- 187
- 188
- 189
- 190
- 191
5.5.2 Agricultural Communities
- 191 (2)
- 192
- 193
- 194
5.5.3 Urban-Industrial Communities
- 194 (2)
- 195
5.5.4 Canals and Other Artificial Structures
- 195 (2)
- 196
5.5.5 Phosphate-Mined Lands
- 196 (2)
- 197
- 198
- 199
- 200
- 201
- 202
- 203
- 204
- 205
- 206
5.5.6 Spoil Islands
- 206 (2)
- 207
- 208
- 209
- 210
- 211
- 212
- 213
- 214
5.6 Endangered and Threatened Plant Communities
- 214 (2)
- 215
Chapter 6. Fauna
- 216
6.1 Introduction
- 216 (2)
6.2 Invertebrates
- 216 (3)
6.2.1 Freshwater Invertebrates
- 216 (4)
- 217
- 218
6.2.2 Estuarine Invertebrates
- 218 (2)
- 219
- 220
- 221
- 222
6.3 Fishes
- 222 (2)
6.3.1 Freshwater Fishes
- 222 (3)
- 223
- 224
- 225
- 226
- 227
- 228
- 229
6.3.2 Estuarine and Marine Fishes
- 229 (2)
- 230
- 231
- 232
- 233
- 234
6.4 Amphibians and Reptiles
- 234 (2)
- 235
- 236
- 237
- 238
6.5 Birds
- 238 (2)
6.5.1 Forest (Arboreal) Birds
- 238 (3)
- 239
- 240
- 241
- 242
6.5.2 Wading Birds
- 242 (2)
- 243
6.5.3 Floating and Diving Water Birds
- 243 (2)
- 244
- 245
6.5.4 Birds of Prey
- 245 (2)
- 246
6.5.5 Probing Shorebirds
- 246 (2)
- 247
6.5.6 Aerially Searching Birds
- 247 (2)
- 248
- 249
6.6 Mammals
- 249 (2)
- 250
- 251
- 252
- 253
Literature Cited
- 254
- 255
- 256
- 257
- 258
- 259
- 260
- 261
- 262
- 263
- 264
- 265
- 266
- 267
- 268
- 269
- 270
- 271
- 272
- 273
- 274
- 275
- 276
- 277
- 278
- 279
Appendix: Table A-1. Cenozoic units and formations underlying the Tampa Bay watershed
- 280
- 281
Table A-2. Point-source emission summary for west-central Florida
- 282
Table A-3. Summary of point- and areal-source emissions in west-central Florida
- 283
Table A-4. Areal source emissions of particulates and SO2 in west-central Florida
- 184 (3)
Table A-5. Municipal, domestic, and industrial discharges in the lower Hillsborough River
- 286
Table A-6. Domestic and industrial discharges in the Tampa Bypass Canal drainage system
- 286 (2)
Table A-7. Industrial discharges in the Alafia River watershed
- 287
Table A-8. Summary of 1982 and 1983 Tampa Bay water-quality characteristics
- 288
Table A-9. Aquatic macrophytes collected from the Alafia and Little Manatee Rivers
- 289
- 290
Table A-10. Bloom species of algae detected in Tampa Bay during 1981
- 291
- 292
Table A-11. Rare, threatened, and endangered plant species in the Tampa Bay watershed; their status and distribution among major habitats
- 293
- 294
- 295
- 296
- 297
- 298
Table A-12. Habitat distribution and relative abundance of freshwater fish in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 299
- 300
- 301
Table A-13. Composite list of fish species reported from Tampa Bay
- 302
- 304
- 305
Table A-14. Habitat distribution and relative abundance of terrestrial reptiles in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 306
- 307
Table A-15. Wetland and aquatic habitat distribution and relative abundance of reptiles in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 308
- 309
Table A-16. Terrestrial habitat distribution and relative abundance of amphibians in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 310
Table A-17. Wetland and aquatic habitat distribution and relative abundance of amphibians in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 311
Table A-18. Terrestrial habitats in which forest (arboreal) birds in the Tampa Bay watershed are found, including distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence
- 312
- 313
- 314
- 315
- 316
Table A-19. Wetland habitats in which forest (arboreal) birds are found in the Tampa Bay watershed, including relative abundance and seasonal occurrence
- 317
- 318
- 319
- 320
Table A-20. Aquatic habitats in which forest (arboreal) birds are found in the Tampa Bay watershed, including relative abundance and seasonal occurrence
- 321
Table A-21. Habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of wading birds in Tampa Bay watershed
- 322
- 323
Table A-22. Habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of floating and diving water birds in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 324
Table A-23. Aquatic habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of birds of prey in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 325
Table A-24. Wetland habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of birds of prey in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 326
Table A-25. Terrestrial habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of birds of prey in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 327
Table A-26. Habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of probing shorebirds in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 328
- 329
Table A-27. Habitat distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of aerially searching birds in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 330
Table A-28. Terrestrial habitat distribution and relative abundance of mammals known or expected to occur in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 331
- 332
Table A-29. wetland habitat distribution and relative abundance of mammals known or expected to occur in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 333
Table A-30. Aquatic habitat distribution and relative abundance of mammals known or expected to occur in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 334
FIGURES: Figure 1. Tampa Bay watershed
- 2
Figure 2. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Florida
- 3 (3)
Figure 3. Major structural features of southeastern Coastal Plain
- 5 (2)
Figure 4. Glacial eustatic sea-level chronology for Florida
- 7
Figure 5. Terraces of west-central Florida
- 9
Figure 6. Physiographic division of the Tampa Bay watershed
- 10
Figure 7. Tampa Bay estuary physiographic divisions
- 13 (2)
Figure 8. Distribution of the major soil orders in Florida
- 15 (2)
Figure 9. Recent Sediment cross section of Sanibel Island
- 17 (2)
Figure 10. Soil associations in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 19 (2)
Figure 11. Bathymetry of Tampa Bay
- 22 (2)
Figure 12. Texture of bottom sediments in Tampa Bay
- 23 (2)
Figure 13. Calcium carbonate content of bottom sediments (%) in Tampa Bay
- 24 (2)
Figure 14. Florida climatic divisions
- 25 (3)
Figure 15. Average annual precipitation in the Tampa Bay watershed, 1941-70
- 28 (2)
Figure 16. March and November average rainfall in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 29 (2)
Figure 17. Average July rainfall in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 31 (2)
Figure 18. Average number of days when rainfall exceeds 0.025 cm (0.01 in) and average number of monthly thunderstorms
- 32 (2)
Figure 19. Average monthly rainfall in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 33 (2)
Figure 20. Average number of days per month when rainfall exceeds 0.25 cm (0.1 in)
- 33 (3)
Figure 21. Frequency distribution of rainfall in southwest Florida over a 5-year period
- 33 (4)
Figure 22. Thirty-year annual rainfall for Lakeland
- 34 (3)
Figure 23. Rainfall deviation from normal over 30 years at Lakeland
- 35 (2)
Figure 24. Seasonal wind directions and speed at the 950-mbar level in Florida, 1957-67
- 36 (2)
Figure 25. Average monthly divergence curves for June, July, and August 1963, over the Florida Peninsula
- 37 (2)
Figure 26. Prevailing wind speed and direction
- 38 (3)
Figure 27. Annual, January and August average temperatures in south-central Florida
- 39 (3)
Figure 28. Average number of days per year in Florida when air temperatures exceed 32o C
- 40 (3)
Figure 29. Average monthly relative humidity at difference times of the day
- 40 (4)
Figure 30. Percent of possible sunshine, daytime sky cover, and solar insolation in southwest Florida
- 42 (2)
Figure 31. Average seasonal cloudiness in southwest Florida
- 43 (2)
Figure 32. Average number of days with heavy fog in southwest Florida
- 44 (2)
Figure 33. Estimated evapotranspiration patterns in Florida
- 44 (3)
Figure 34. Average monthly evaporation and solar radiation in eastern Tampa Bay watershed
- 45 (3)
Figure 35. Comparative average potential evapotranspiration in the middle Gulf area as calculated by four models
- 46 (2)
Figure 36. Paths of hurricanes striking Tampa Bay area 1885 to 1990
- 47 (2)
Figure 37. One-hundred-year flood surge in Little Manatee River (assuming mean annual river-discharge rate)
- 48 (3)
Figure 38. Seasonal average nutrient concentrations in rainwater at Tamiami Trail and Forty-Mile Bend
- 50 (2)
Figure 39. Average daily concentrations of airborne sulfur dioxide in the rural and urban Tampa area for the years 1970-83
- 53 (2)
Figure 40. Annual suspended-particulate emissions in the Tampa area during 1973-83
- 53 (3)
Figure 41. Number of days each year on which ozone concentration exceeded 80 ppb and 120 ppb in the Tampa area during 1971-83
- 55 (2)
Figure 42. Generalized hydrogeology in the Southwest Florida Management District
- 58 (2)
Figure 43. Generalized hydrogeologic relation between surficial and Floridan aquifers
- 59 (2)
Figure 44. Hydrographs of wells open to the surficial aquifer in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 60 (2)
Figure 45. Potentiometric surface of Floridan aquifer
- 62 (2)
Figure 46. Water levels at the Mullet Key tide station and in a southwest St. Petersburg well open to the lower part of the Floridan aquifer
- 63 (2)
Figure 47. Groundwater levels. Irrigation pumpage, and rainfall in the central Tampa Bay watershed
- 64 (2)
Figure 48. Generalized conceptual model of groundwater flow in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 66 (2)
Figure 49. Hydrochemical facies in the Floridan aquifers upper permeable zone
- 67 (2)
Figure 50. Median water quality in the surficial aquifer and upper and lower units of the Floridan aquifer
- 68 (2)
Figure 51. Chloride concentration in groundwater from the upper and lower Floridan aquifer
- 69 (2)
Figure 52. Section through Floridan aquifer showing chloride concentrations in the coastal margin of Pinellas and central Hillsborough County
- 70 (3)
Figure 53. Major drainage basins of the Tampa Bay watershed
- 71 (2)
Figure 54. Ten-year average monthly flows of major rivers and streams in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 72 (2)
Figure 55. Anclote River basin
- 73 (3)
Figure 56. West Pinellas peninsula basin
- 75 (2)
Figure 57. East Pinellas Peninsula and Old Tampa Bay basin
- 79 (2)
Figure 58. Dissolved oxygen values in Tanglewood Estates canals, northeast St. Petersburg
- 81 (2)
Figure 59. Hillsborough River and Tampa bypass Canal drainage basins
- 86 (2)
Figure 60. Discharge hydrographs for two gauging stations on the Hillsborough River
- 88 (2)
Figure 61. Flow, current velocity, and residence times for the Tampa Reservoir
- 95 (2)
Figure 62. Salinity (ppt) in lower Hillsborough River
- 96 (2)
Figure 63. Dissolved oxygen in lower Hillsborough River
- 98 (2)
Figure 64. Fecal coliform in the lower Hillsborough River
- 99 (2)
Figure 65. Orthophosphate in the lower Hillsborough River
- 100 (2)
Figure 66. Alafia River drainage basin and Alafia River to Little Manatee River coastal area basin
- 100 (3)
Figure 67. Ammonia concentrations in the North Prong Alafia River, February 2, 1982
- 106 (2)
Figure 68. Dissolved phosphorus trends in Hillsborough Bay and the Alafia River
- 107 (2)
Figure 69. Seasonal water-quality conditions in the lower Alafia River
- 108 (2)
Figure 70. Conductivity, stage, and streamflow stations on Lower Alafia River and Bullfrog Creek
- 109 (3)
Figure 71. Conductivity profiles (umhos/cm) in the lower Alafia River
- 110 (2)
Figure 72. Little Manatee River basin and Terra Ceia and Cockroach Bays coastal area drainage basins
- 111 (2)
Figure 73. Seasonal water quality conditions in the Lower Manatee River
- 112 (2)
Figure 74. Manatee River drainage basin
- 115 (2)
Figure 75. Wet- and dry-season salinity variation in the Lower Manatee River
- 116 (2)
Figure 76. Upper Manasota coastal area drainage basin
- 119 (2)
Figure 77. Lower Manasota coastal area drainage basin
- 120 (2)
Figure 78. Blackburn, Lyons, Dona, and Roberts Bays and their tributaries
- 121 (2)
Figure 79. Dry season hydrography in Dona, Roberts, and Lyons Bays
- 122 (2)
Figure 80. Wet season hydrography in Dona, Roberts, and Lyons Bays
- 123 (2)
Figure 81. Average monthly concentrations of total phosphorus and color in Phillippi Creek
- 125 (2)
Figure 82. Circulation pattern in Tampa Bay
- 127 (2)
Figure 83. Location of evenly distributed particles after 30 days of mixing in Tampa Bay
- 127 (3)
Figure 84. General water quality index of Tampa Bay for 1982
- 129 (2)
Figure 85. General water quality index of Tampa Bay for 1983
- 130 (2)
Figure 86. Total phosphate concentrations in the Tampa Bay estuary, 1974-83
- 131 (2)
Figure 87. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the Tampa Bay estuary, 1974-83
- 131 (3)
Figure 88. Maximum surface and minimum bottom DO concentrations in Tampa Bay, 1974-83
- 132 (2)
Figure 89. Turbidity in the Tampa Bay estuary, 1974-83
- 132 (3)
Figure 90. Chlorophyll a concentrations, light penetration, and color in the Tampa Bay estuary, 1974-83
- 133 (2)
Figure 91. Vegetation and land use in the Tampa Bay drainage basin
- 135 (2)
Figure 92. Typical cypress dome with associated plants
- 142 (2)
Figure 93. Typical wet prairie with associated plants
- 145 (2)
Figure 94. Typical freshwater marsh with associated plants
- 146 (2)
Figure 95. Typical freshwater aquatic plant habitat
- 146 (3)
Figure 96. Seasonal variation of periphytic algal genera in Lake Tarpon, 1973-1977
- 151 (2)
Figure 97. Distribution of fish farms in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 152 (2)
Figure 98. Vertical distribution of selected algae and invertebrates on red mangrove prop roots
- 156 (2)
Figure 99. Successional relations of mangrove communities and some associated plant communities in relation to approximate tide levels
- 157 (2)
Figure 100. Mangrove forest types represented in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 158 (2)
Figure 101. Leaf-litter production rates in mangrove forest categories
- 161 (2)
Figure 102. Diagrammatic representation of the principle of protein enrichment of red mangrove debris during degradation
- 161 (3)
Figure 103. Distribution of major seagrass species in Tampa, Florida during July 1983 survey
- 163 (2)
Figure 104. Generalized schematic of species zonation among seagrasses in Tampa Bay relative to depth and salinity
- 164 (2)
Figure 105. Seasonal growth pattern for Thalassia in Tampa Bay
- 167 (2)
Figure 106. Five types of seagrass beds identified for Tampa Bay
- 168 (2)
Figure 107. Seagrass distribution in 1943
- 170 (2)
Figure 108. Seagrass distribution in 1983
- 171 (2)
Figure 109. Average levels of chlorophyll a in the Tampa Bay system 1981
- 178 (2)
Figure 110. Yearly trends in chlorophyll a concentrations in four areas of Tampa Bay
- 179 (2)
Figure 111. Monthly trends in chlorophyll a concentrations in four areas of Tampa Bay during 1982-83
- 180 (2)
Figure 112. High energy beach community showing major zones relating to sand motion
- 181 (2)
Figure 113. Two patterns of spatial succession of vegetation community types on west coast barrier islands
- 185 (2)
Figure 114. Schematic of effect of canal development on hydrology and habitat structure
- 197 (2)
Figure 115. Location of central Florida phosphate district in relation to Tampa Bay watershed
- 198 (2)
Figure 116. Stratigraphic units of concern in phosphate mining
- 199 (2)
Figure 117. Generalized flowsheet of Florida phosphate-mining plants
- 200 (2)
Figure 118. Generalized habitat succession on dredged material islands in Florida
- 208 (2)
Figure 119. Generalized vegetation map of a dredged disposal island in Tampa Bay
- 211 (2)
Figure 120. Plant community succession on filled land, Boca Ciega Bay
- 213 (2)
Figure 121. Seasonal distribution of selected juvenile fishes within the nursery areas of Tampa Bay
- 230 (2)
Figure 122. Estuarine fish communities
- 232 (2)
Figure 123. Relative abundance of amphibian and reptile species in various habitat categories within the Tampa Bay watershed
- 236 (2)
Figure 124. Number of species of breeding land birds in the Florida Peninsula
- 240 (2)
Figure 125. Nesting patterns of colonial shorebirds on Florida spoil islands
- 249 (3)
Tables: Table 1. Deep strata of Florida
- 3 (4)
Table 2. Tertiary strata of the Tampa Bay watershed
- 6 (3)
Table 3. Morphometric features of Tampa Bay estuary and some of its bays
- 14 (2)
Table 4. Soil Conservation Service soil orders
- 15 (3)
Table 5. Typical soil types on west-central Florida coastal barrier islands
- 18 (2)
Table 6. Plant community and soil series associations in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 20 (2)
Table 7. Wet-season, dry-season, and total annual rainfall in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 27 (2)
Table 8. Major hurricane storm tides in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 48 (4)
Table 9. Coastal areas most vulnerable to hurricane flooding in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 49 (2)
Table 10. Maximum winds reported in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 49 (3)
Table 11. Major air pollutants in the Tampa Bay watershed and their probable sources
- 52 (2)
Table 12. Summary of fluoride point-source and areal-source (pond) emissions in Polk, Hillsborough, and Manatee counties
- 54 (2)
Table 13. Ground-water and surface-water use by county in 1978
- 65 (2)
Table 14. Ground-water withdrawal rates and predicted rates for major users in Hillsborough, Manatee, and Sarasota counties, 1975, 1985, and 2000
- 65 (3)
Table 15. Pont sources discharging to eastern Old Tampa Bay and Upper Tampa Bay
- 80 (2)
Table 16. Point-source dischargers in the western Old Tampa Bay drainage area
- 87 (2)
Table 17. Description and water-quantity data for four continuous-record gauging stations in the Hillsborough River
- 94 (2)
Table 18. Summary statistics for dissolved oxygen levels in the lower Hillsborough River
- 97 (2)
Table 19. Stormwater and baseline flow water quality data from three drainage basins to the lower Hillsborough River
- 101 (2)
Table 20. Primary productivity and chlorophyll a concentrations in the lower Hillsborough River
- 118 (2)
Table 21. Typical lentic aquatic vascular plants in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 150 (2)
Table 22. Typical lotic aquatic vascular plants in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 151 (3)
Table 23. Phytoplankton genera collected in the Alafia and Little Manatee Rivers
- 153 (2)
Table 24. Reproductive strategy differences between three species of mangrove found in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 159 (2)
Table 25. A comparison of nutritive values for various plant parts of turtlegrass in the Tampa Bay areas
- 166 (2)
Table 26. Biomass values for seagrasses in the Tampa Bay area
- 166 (3)
Table 27. Changes in seagrass distribution in the Tampa Bay system from ca. 1940 to 1983, based on aerial mapping
- 172 (2)
Table 28. Changes in seagrass distribution in Sarasota County bay systems between 1948 and 1974
- 173 (2)
Table 29. Net primary production (NPP) of major estuarine habitat components
- 175 (2)
Table 30. Net vegetational changes from savannah to cabbage palm forests on a coastal barrier island
- 182 (2)
Table 31. Characteristic species of the tropical hammock association on a coastal barrier island
- 184 (4)
Table 32. Species composition of the wetland subassociations on a coastal barrier island
- 184 (5)
Table 33. Water bodies containing Hydrilla within the Tampa Bay watershed
- 192 (2)
Table 34. Previous community associations of major or representative urban centers in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 195 (3)
Table 35. Structural and functional changes in natural communities in response to gross changes brought about by urbanization
- 196 (3)
Table 36. Revegetation and land-use possibilities for various landfill types
- 201 (2)
Table 37. Occurrence of plant species in phosphate-mined areas of Florida
- 202 (2)
Table 38. Types of reclamation recently completed or approved from implementation in the central Florida phosphate district
- 205 (2)
Table 39. Major plant species associated with the generalized plant succession pattern on dredged material islands in Florida
- 209 (2)
Table 40. Summary of physiochemical soil parameters associated with vegetated community types on dredge spoil islands
- 210 (2)
Table 41. Dominant fish species, in order of abundance, collected in selected areas of Tampa Bay and the percentage of the catch represented by those species
- 234 (3)
Table 42. Amphibians and reptiles of biological significance
- 239 (2)
Table 43. Species and feeding strategies of forest birds using flatwoods in the Tampa Bay area
- 241 (2)
Table 44. Number of wading bird nests by county in the Tampa Bay watershed from 1976 to 1978
- 243 (3)
Table 45. Birds designated as endangered, threatened, rate, or of special concern
- 250 (2)
Table 46. Marine mammals sighted or stranded in Tampa Bay and in Gulf of Mexico coastal waters between Pasco and Sarasota counties
- 252 (2)
Table 47. Mammals of special concern in the Tampa Bay watershed
- 253 (2)

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An Ecological characterization of the Tampa Bay watershed

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